- a) Basis of preparation of accounts
- b) Basis of consolidation
- c) Goodwill
- d) Foreign currencies
- e) Tangible fixed assets and depreciation
- f) Impairment of fixed assets
- g) Replacement expenditure
- h) Deferred taxation and investment tax credits
- i) Stocks
- j) Regulatory assets
- k) Decommissioning and environmental costs
- l) Turnover
- m) Pensions and other post-retirement benefits
- n) Leases
- o) Financial instruments
- p) Restructuring costs
- q) Share-based payments
a) Basis of preparation of accounts
The accounts are prepared under the historical cost convention and in accordance with applicable UK accounting and financial reporting standards.
The accounts have been prepared in accordance with UK GAAP, which differs in certain respects from US GAAP. An explanation of the main differences between UK and US GAAP is set out in note 32 to the accounts, and a summary of the results under US GAAP is shown in note 33.
The preparation of accounts in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
The Group has adopted Financial Reporting Standard (FRS) 20 ‘Share-based Payment’ during the year. The impact of the adoption is shown in note 1.
The Group is following the transitional arrangements of FRS 17 ‘Retirement Benefits’. The required disclosures are shown in note 7.
b) Basis of consolidation
The Group accounts include the accounts of the Company and all its subsidiary undertakings (‘Group undertakings’), together with the Group’s share of the results and net assets of its joint ventures (‘associated undertakings’), less any provision for impairment. An associated undertaking is an entity in which the Group has a participating interest and over which it exercises a significant influence. The accounts of the Group and associated undertakings used for consolidation are generally made up to 31 March. However, where this has not been practical, the results of certain Group and associated undertakings have been based on their accounts to 31 December.
The results of newly acquired Group and associated undertakings are included in the Group accounts from the date the Group acquires control or, in respect of associated undertakings, an equity interest which enables it to exercise a significant influence. The results of Group and associated undertakings are included in the Group accounts up to the date that control or the exercise of significant influence, as appropriate, is relinquished.
In translating into sterling the Group’s share of the net assets and results of a joint venture operating in a hyper-inflationary economy for the years ended 31 March 2003 and 2004, adjustments have been made to reflect current price levels. Such adjustments have been reflected through the Group profit and loss account or statement of total recognised gains and losses as appropriate. The Group’s share of the gain on net monetary liabilities has been credited to the Group profit and loss account through ‘net interest’, and where the effect is material is shown as part of the Group’s exceptional financing costs (see note 4(c)).
The 21 October 2002 business combination of National Grid and Lattice met the merger accounting criteria under UK GAAP and the Companies Act 1985 and therefore the transaction was accounted for as a merger. The consolidated accounts have been prepared as if National Grid and Lattice had always comprised the Group. The combined accounts were adjusted for the issue on Merger of 1,323m shares with a nominal value of £132m and for the elimination of balances between the former groups.
c) Goodwill
Goodwill, representing the excess of the fair value of the consideration given over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired, is capitalised and amortised on a straight-line basis, through the profit and loss account over its estimated useful economic life, principally 20 years.
d) Foreign currencies
The results of the Group’s overseas operations are generally translated into sterling at weighted average rates of exchange for the period the overseas operations are included within the Group accounts. In certain limited circumstances, where the use of a weighted average rate would distort material transactions, those transactions are separately translated at the rates of exchange relevant to the dates on which the transactions occurred.
Exchange differences arising on the translation of the opening net assets of overseas operations, the re-translation of the retained earnings of overseas operations from average to closing rates of exchange and the translation of foreign currency borrowings or derivatives taken to hedge overseas assets are taken directly to reserves. Tax charges or credits arising on such items are also taken directly to reserves.
Assets and liabilities in foreign currencies are generally translated at the rates of exchange ruling at the balance sheet date. In respect of certain assets or liabilities that are matched by an exact and directly related foreign exchange derivative, the relevant asset or liability is translated at the rate of exchange under the related derivative.
All other exchange differences and related tax charges or credits are taken to the profit and loss account and disclosed separately where deemed exceptional.
e) Tangible fixed assets and depreciation
Tangible fixed assets are included in the balance sheet at their cost less accumulated depreciation. Cost includes payroll and finance costs incurred which are directly attributable to the construction of tangible fixed assets.
Tangible fixed assets include assets in which the Group’s interest comprises legally protected statutory or contractual rights of use.
Additions represent the purchase or construction of new assets and extensions to or significant increases in the capacity of existing tangible fixed assets. Contributions received towards the cost of tangible fixed assets are included in creditors as deferred income and credited on a straight-line basis to the profit and loss account over the estimated economic lives of the assets.
No depreciation is provided on freehold land and assets in the course of construction. Other tangible fixed assets are depreciated, principally on a straight-line basis, at rates estimated to write off their book values over their estimated useful economic lives. In assessing estimated useful economic lives, which are reviewed on a regular basis, consideration is given to any contractual arrangements and operational requirements relating to particular assets. Unless otherwise determined by operational requirements, the depreciation periods for the principal categories of tangible fixed assets are, in general, as shown above.
f) Impairment of fixed assets
Impairments of fixed assets are calculated as the difference between the carrying values of the net assets of income generating units, including, where appropriate, investments and goodwill, and their recoverable amounts. Recoverable amount is defined as the higher of net realisable value or estimated value in use at the date the impairment review is undertaken. Net realisable value represents the net amount that can be generated through sale of the assets. Value in use represents the present value of expected future cash flows discounted on a pre-tax basis, using the estimated cost of capital of the income generating unit.
Impairment reviews are carried out if there is some indication that an impairment may have occurred, or where otherwise required, to ensure that fixed assets are not carried above their estimated recoverable amounts.
Impairments are recognised in the profit and loss account and, where material, are disclosed as exceptional.
g) Replacement expenditure
Replacement expenditure represents the cost of planned maintenance of the UK’s gas mains and services assets by replacing or lining sections of pipe. This expenditure is principally undertaken to repair and to maintain the safety of the network and is written off as incurred. Expenditure that enhances the performance of the mains and services assets is treated as an addition to tangible fixed assets.
h) Deferred taxation and investment tax credits
Deferred taxation is provided in full on all material timing differences, with certain exceptions. No provision for deferred taxation is made for any timing differences on non-monetary assets arising from fair value adjustments, except where there is a binding agreement to sell the assets concerned. However, no provision is made where it is more likely than not that any taxable gain will be rolled over into replacement assets.
Deferred tax assets are only recognised to the extent that they are considered recoverable.
Deferred tax balances have not been discounted.
Investment tax credits are amortised over the economic life of the asset giving rise to the credits.
i) Stocks
Stocks are carried at cost less provision for deterioration and obsolescence.
j) Regulatory assets
The US Statement of Financial Accounting Standards 71 ‘Accounting for the Effects of Certain Types of Regulation’ (SFAS 71) establishes US GAAP for utilities whose regulators have the power to approve and/or regulate rates that may be charged to customers. Provided that through the regulatory process the utility is substantially assured of recovering its allowable costs by the collection of revenue from its customers, such costs not yet recovered are deferred as regulatory assets. Due to the different regulatory environment, no equivalent accounting standard applies in the UK.
Under UK GAAP, regulatory assets established in accordance with the principles of SFAS 71 are recognised in debtors where they comprise rights or other access to future economic benefits which arise as a result of past transactions or events which have created an obligation to transfer economic benefit to a third party. Measurement of the past transaction or event and hence of the regulatory asset is determined in accordance with UK GAAP.
k) Decommissioning and environmental costs
Decommissioning and environmental costs, based on discounted future estimated expenditures, are provided for in full and where appropriate a corresponding tangible fixed asset or regulatory asset is also recognised. The unwinding of the discount is included within the profit and loss account as a financing charge net of the unwinding of the discount on any related regulatory asset.
l) Turnover
Turnover primarily represents the sales value derived from the transmission and distribution of energy and recovery of stranded costs together with the sales value derived from the provision of other services, including wireless infrastructure services, to customers during the year and excludes value added tax and intra-group sales.
Turnover from the transmission and distribution of energy and recovery of stranded costs originates from the value of units supplied during the year and includes an estimate of the value of units supplied to customers between the date of their last meter reading and the year end. No liability is recognised when revenues received or receivable exceed the maximum amount permitted by regulatory agreement and reductions will be made to future prices to reflect this over-recovery.
Turnover from wireless infrastructure services consists mainly of the value of managed broadcast transmission services (for both television and radio networks) and site rentals earned by leasing antenna space on our sites to a range of customers who provide mobile telephony and transmission services. Site rental and transmission service revenue is recognised on a straight-line basis over agreed contracted periods with terms generally ranging from one to twenty years.
m) Pensions and other post-retirement benefits
The cost of providing pensions and other post-retirement benefits is charged to the profit and loss account on a systematic basis over the service lives of the employees in the schemes. Variations from the regular pension cost are allocated over the estimated average remaining service lives of current employees, with the interest component of any variation being reflected in net interest and the other component reflected through staff costs.
n) Leases
Operating lease payments are charged to the profit and loss account on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.
o) Financial instruments
Derivative financial instruments (‘derivatives’) are used by the Group mainly for the management of its interest rate and foreign currency exposures and commodity price risks in respect of expected energy usage. The principal derivatives used include interest rate swaps, currency swaps, forward foreign currency agreements, interest rate swaptions and indexed swap contracts relating to the purchase of energy.
All transactions are undertaken, or maintained, with a view to providing a commercial hedge of the interest, currency or commodity price risks associated with the Group’s underlying business activities and the financing of those activities. Amounts payable or receivable in respect of interest rate swaps are recognised in the profit and loss account over the economic lives of the agreements or underlying position being hedged, either within net interest or disclosed separately where deemed exceptional.
Termination payments made or received in respect of derivatives are spread over the shorter of the life of the original instrument or the life of the underlying exposure in cases where the underlying exposure continues to exist. Where the underlying exposure ceases to exist, any termination payments are taken to the profit and loss account.
Those derivatives, relating both to interest rates and/or currency exchange, that are directly associated with a specific transaction and exactly match the underlying cash flows relating to the transaction are accounted for on the basis of the combined economic result of the transaction including the related derivative.
All other currency swaps and forward currency agreements are translated at the rate of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date with the corresponding exchange adjustment being dealt with in reserves or the profit and loss account as appropriate.
Liabilities recognised in respect of index-linked swap contracts relating to the purchase of energy are measured on the basis of their estimated market value. In addition, a corresponding movement in the value of a related regulatory asset is also recognised.
p) Restructuring costs
Costs arising from Group restructuring programmes primarily relate to redundancy costs. Redundancy costs are charged to the profit and loss account in the period in which the Group becomes irrevocably committed to incurring the costs and the main features of the restructuring plan have been announced to affected employees. Redundancy costs are classified as part of ‘other operating charges’ as these costs do not relate to services provided by employees for the year.
q) Share-based payments
Equity-settled share-based payments are measured at fair value at the date of grant. The fair value determined at the grant date of the equity-settled share-based payments is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based on an estimate of shares that will eventually vest.